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Article 2 – Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:

  1. ‘data’ means any digital representation of acts, facts or information and any compilation of such acts, facts or information, including in the form of sound, visual or audio-visual recording;
  2. ‘metadata’ means a structured description of the contents or the use of data facilitating the discovery or use of that data;
  3. ‘personal data’ means personal data as defined in Article 4, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679;
  4. ‘non-personal data’ means data other than personal data;
  5. ‘connected product’ means an item that obtains, generates or collects data concerning its use or environment and that is able to communicate product data via an service de communications électroniquesService de communications électroniques Désigne un service normalement fourni contre rémunération via des réseaux de communications électroniques, qui englobe, à l'exception des services fournissant un contenu transmis au moyen de réseaux et de services de communications électroniques ou exerçant un contrôle éditorial sur ce contenu, les types de services suivants : a) "service d'accès à l'internet" tel que défini à l'article 2, deuxième alinéa, point 2), du règlement (UE) 2015/2120 ; b) service de communications interpersonnelles ; et c) services consistant entièrement ou principalement en l'acheminement de signaux, tels que les services de transmission utilisés pour la fourniture de services de machine à machine et pour la radiodiffusion. - Définition selon l'article 2, point (4), de la directive (UE) 2018/1972., physical connection or on-device access, and whose primary function is not the storing, processing or transmission of data on behalf of any party other than the user;
  6. ‘related service’ means a service numériqueService numérique désigne tout service de la société de l'information, c'est-à-dire tout service presté normalement contre rémunération, à distance, par voie électronique et à la demande individuelle d'un destinataire de services. Aux fins de la présente définition : i) "à distance" signifie que le service est fourni sans que les parties soient simultanément présentes ; ii) "par voie électronique" signifie que le service est envoyé initialement et reçu à destination au moyen d'équipements électroniques de traitement (y compris la compression numérique) et de stockage de données, et qu'il est entièrement transmis, acheminé et reçu par fils, par radio, par moyens optiques ou par d'autres moyens électromagnétiques ; iii) "à la demande individuelle d'un destinataire de services" signifie que le service est fourni par la transmission de données sur demande individuelle. - Définition selon l'article 1, paragraphe 1, point b), de la directive (UE) 2015/1535 du Parlement européen et du Conseil., other than an electronic communications service, including software, which is connected with the product at the time of the purchase, rent or lease in such a way that its absence would prevent the connected product from performing one or more of its functions, or which is subsequently connected to the product by the manufacturer or a third party to add to, update or adapt the functions of the connected product;
  7. ‘processing’ means any operation or set of operations which is performed on data or on sets of data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination, or other means of making them available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction;
  8. ‘data processing service’ means a digital service that is provided to a customer and that enables ubiquitous and on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable, scalable and elastic computing resources of a centralised, distributed or highly distributed nature that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction;
  9. ‘same service type’ means a set of data processing services that share the same primary objective, data processing service model and main functionalities;
  10. ‘data intermediation service’ means data intermediation service as defined in Article 2, point (11), of Regulation (EU) 2022/868;
  11. ‘data subject’ means data subject as referred to in Article 4, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679;
  12. ‘user’ means a natural or legal person that owns a connected product or to whom temporary rights to use that connected product have been contractually transferred, or that receives related services;
  13. ‘data holder’ means a natural or legal person that has the right or obligation, in accordance with this Regulation, applicable Union law or national legislation adopted in accordance with Union law, to use and make available data, including, where contractually agreed, product data or related service data which it has retrieved or generated during the provision of a related service;
  14. ‘data recipient’ means a natural or legal person, acting for purposes which are related to that person’s trade, business, craft or profession, other than the user of a connected product or related service, to whom the data holder makes data available, including a third party following a request by the user to the data holder or in accordance with a legal obligation under Union law or national legislation adopted in accordance with Union law;
  15. ‘product data’ means data generated by the use of a connected product that the manufacturer designed to be retrievable, via an electronic communications service, physical connection or on-device access, by a user, data holder or a third party, including, where relevant, the manufacturer;
  16. ‘related service data’ means data representing the digitisation of user actions or of events related to the connected product, recorded intentionally by the user or generated as a by-product of the user’s action during the provision of a related service by the provider;
  17. ‘readily available data’ means product data and related service data that a data holder lawfully obtains or can lawfully obtain from the connected product or related service, without disproportionate effort going beyond a simple operation;
  18. ‘trade secret’ means trade secret as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Directive (EU) 2016/943;
  19. ‘trade secret holder’ means a trade secret holder as defined in Article 2, point (2), of Directive (EU) 2016/943;
  20. ‘profiling’ means profiling as defined in Article 4, point (4), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679;
  21. ‘making available on the market’ means any supply of a connected product for distribution, consumption or use on the Union market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge;
  22. ‘placing on the market’ means the first making available of a connected product on the Union market;
  23. ‘consumer’ means any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside that person’s trade, business, craft or profession;
  24. ‘enterprise’ means a natural or legal person that, in relation to contracts and practices covered by this Regulation, is acting for purposes which are related to that person’s trade, business, craft or profession;
  25. ‘small enterprise’ means a small enterprise as defined in Article 2(2) of the Annex to Recommendation 2003/361/EC;
  26. ‘microenterprise’ means a microenterprise as defined in Article 2(3) of the Annex to Recommendation 2003/361/EC;
  27. ‘Union bodies’ means the Union bodies, offices and agencies set up by or pursuant to acts adopted on the basis of the Treaty on European Union, the TFEU or the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community;
  28. ‘public sector body’ means national, regional or local authorities of the Member States and bodies governed by public law of the Member States, or associations formed by one or more such authorities or one or more such bodies;
  29. ‘public emergency’ means an exceptional situation, limited in time, such as a public health emergency, an emergency resulting from natural disasters, a human-induced major disaster, including a major cybersécuritéCybersécurité "cybersécurité", la cybersécurité telle que définie à l'article 2, point 1), du règlement (UE) 2019/881 ; - Définition selon l'article 6 de la directive (UE) 2022/2555 (directive NIS2) "cybersécurité" : les activités nécessaires pour protéger les réseaux et les systèmes d'information, les utilisateurs de ces systèmes et les autres personnes concernées par les cybermenaces ; - Définition selon l'article 2, point 1), du règlement (UE) 2019/881 ; incidentIncident Un événement compromettant la disponibilité, l'authenticité, l'intégrité ou la confidentialité des données stockées, transmises ou traitées ou des services offerts par les réseaux et les systèmes d'information ou accessibles par leur intermédiaire. Définition selon l'article 6 de la directive (UE) 2022/2555 (directive NIS2), negatively affecting the population of the Union or the whole or part of a Member State, with a risqueRisque désigne le potentiel de perte ou de perturbation causé par un incident et doit être exprimé comme une combinaison de l'ampleur de cette perte ou de cette perturbation et de la probabilité d'occurrence de l'incident. Définition selon l'article 6 de la directive (UE) 2022/2555 (directive NIS2) of serious and lasting repercussions for living conditions or economic stability, financial stability, or the substantial and immediate degradation of economic assets in the Union or the relevant Member State and which is determined or officially declared in accordance with the relevant procedures under Union or national law;
  30. (30) ‘customer’ means a natural or legal person that has entered into a contractual relationship with a provider of data processing services with the objective of using one or more data processing services;
  31. ‘virtual assistants’ means software that can process demands, tasks or questions including those based on audio, written input, gestures or motions, and that, based on those demands, tasks or questions, provides access to other services or controls the functions of connected products;
  32. ‘digital assets’ means elements in digital form, including applications, for which the customer has the right of use, independently from the contractual relationship with the data processing service it intends to switch from;
  33. ‘on-premises ICT infrastructure’ means ICT infrastructure and computing resources owned, rented or leased by the customer, located in the data centre of the customer itself and operated by the customer or by a third-party;
  34. ‘switching’ means the process involving a source provider of data processing services, a customer of a data processing service and, where relevant, a destination provider of data processing services, whereby the customer of a data processing service changes from using one data processing service to using another data processing service of the same service type, or other service, offered by a different provider of data processing services, or to an on-premises ICT infrastructure, including through extracting, transforming and uploading the data;
  35. ‘data egress charges’ means data transfer fees charged to customers for extracting their data through the network from the ICT infrastructure of a provider of data processing services to the system of a different provider or to on-premises ICT infrastructure;
  36. ‘switching charges’ means charges, other than standardStandard Une spécification technique, adoptée par un organisme de normalisation reconnu, pour une application répétée ou continue, dont le respect n'est pas obligatoire, et qui est l'une des suivantes : (a) "norme internationale", une norme adoptée par un organisme international de normalisation ; b) "norme européenne", une norme adoptée par un organisme européen de normalisation ; c) "norme harmonisée", une norme européenne adoptée sur la base d'une demande d'application de la législation d'harmonisation de l'Union formulée par la Commission ; d) "norme nationale", une norme adoptée par un organisme national de normalisation - Définition selon l'article 2, point 1), du règlement (UE) n° 1025/2012 du Parlement européen et du Conseil. service fees or early termination penalties, imposed by a provider of data processing services on a customer for the actions mandated by this Regulation for switching to the system of a different provider or to on-premises ICT infrastructure, including data egress charges;
  37. ‘functional equivalence’ means re-establishing on the basis of the customer’s exportable data and digital assets, a minimum level of functionality in the environment of a new data processing service of the same service type after the switching process, where the destination data processing service delivers a materially comparable outcome in response to the same input for shared features supplied to the customer under the contract;
  38. ‘exportable data’, for the purpose of Articles 23 to 31 and Article 35, means the input and output data, including metadata, directly or indirectly generated, or cogenerated, by the customer’s use of the data processing service, excluding any assets or data protected by intellectual property rights, or constituting a trade secret, of providers of data processing services or third parties;
  39. ‘smart contract’ means a computer program used for the automated execution of an agreement or part thereof, using a sequence of electronic data records and ensuring their integrity and the accuracy of their chronological ordering;
  40. ‘interoperability’ means the ability of two or more data spaces or communication networks, systems, connected products, applications, data processing services or components to exchange and use data in order to perform their functions;
  41. open interoperability specification’ means a spécifications techniquesSpécifications techniques Document qui prescrit les exigences techniques auxquelles doit satisfaire un produit, un processus, un service ou un système et qui définit un ou plusieurs des éléments suivants : a) les caractéristiques requises d'un produit, y compris les niveaux de qualité, de performance, d'interopérabilité, de protection de l'environnement, de santé, de sécurité ou de dimensions, et y compris les exigences applicables au produit en ce qui concerne la dénomination de vente, la terminologie, les symboles, les essais et les méthodes d'essai, l'emballage, le marquage ou l'étiquetage et les procédures d'évaluation de la conformité ; b) les méthodes et procédés de production utilisés pour les produits agricoles tels que définis à l'article 38, paragraphe 1, du TFUE, les produits destinés à l'alimentation humaine et animale et les médicaments, ainsi que les méthodes et procédés de production relatifs à d'autres produits, lorsqu'ils ont une incidence sur leurs caractéristiques ; (c) les caractéristiques requises d'un service, y compris les niveaux de qualité, de performance, d'interopérabilité, de protection de l'environnement, de santé ou de sécurité, et y compris les exigences applicables au prestataire en ce qui concerne les informations à mettre à la disposition du destinataire, telles que spécifiées à l'article 22, paragraphes 1 à 3, de la directive 2006/123/CE ; (d) les méthodes et les critères d'évaluation de la performance des produits de construction, tels que définis à l'article 2, point 1, du règlement (UE) n° 305/2011 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 9 mars 2011 établissant des conditions harmonisées de commercialisation pour les produits de construction, en ce qui concerne leurs caractéristiques essentielles ; - Définition selon l'article 2, point 1), du règlement (UE) n° 1025/2012 du Parlement européen et du Conseil. in the field of information and communication technologies which is performance oriented towards achieving interoperability between data processing services;
  42. ‘common specifications’ means a document, other than a standard, containing technical solutions providing a means to comply with certain requirements and obligations established under this Regulation;
  43. ‘harmonised standard’ means a harmonised standard as defined in Article 2, point (1)(c), of Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012.